The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effect of High Intensity Interval training on physiological function, physical function, cognitive function, safety, and quality of life in older adults.
A systematic literature review was conducted across major databases (e.g., PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE) to identify studies that evaluated the effects of HIIT on older adults (≥50 years). Studies were included if they reported on one or more of the following outcomes: physiological function (e.g., cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength), physical function (e.g., mobility, balance), safety (adverse events, injury rates), quality of life, and cognitive or mental health. The quality of the included studies was assessed using standardized tools (e.g., PEDro scale). Meta-analyses were performed where sufficient data was available. This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024532400).
The review identified 184 studies that met the inclusion criteria, with over 1,250 participants aged 50-85 years. Across the studies, HIIT was consistently associated with significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max increased by 15-20% in several studies) and muscular strength. Improvements in physical function were reflected by enhanced mobility, balance, and decreased fall risk, as measured by the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Quality of life outcomes, particularly in mental health, showed significant positive changes, with multiple studies reporting reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Cognitive performance, assessed via tasks measuring executive function and memory, also demonstrated modest but consistent improvements. Importantly, the safety of HIIT was upheld in all studies, with no reports of severe adverse events, and a low incidence of minor injuries comparable to other exercise modalities. Various comorbidities were present in most participants.
This review supports HIIT as a safe, effective intervention for enhancing physiological and physical function, improving cognitive and mental health, and promoting quality of life in older adults. These findings align with growing evidence that HIIT is a viable alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), with the added benefit of requiring less time commitment, making it a practical solution for older adults.
HIIT has significant implications for physical therapy practice globally. Physical therapists can leverage HIIT’s efficiency and adaptability to meet the unique needs of older adults, helping to improve mobility, balance, cardiovascular health, and mental well-being. As the demand for geriatric rehabilitation continues to grow worldwide, physical therapists should incorporate HIIT into their treatment strategies to offer patients a dynamic and evidence-based approach to health improvement. Given its safety profile and ease of adaptation, HIIT is well-suited for diverse healthcare environments and patient populations, promoting global accessibility to effective geriatric care.
older adult
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