Moser H1,2, Leitner M1, Eichelberger P1,3, Kuhn A4, Baeyens J-P2, Radlinger L1
1Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland, 2Free University Brussels, Brussels, Belgium, 3University Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 4Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Background: Pelvic floor muscle (PFM) displacement is increasingly explored during running but not during jumps. However, enhanced comprehension of PFM biomechanics and muscle action is clinically relevant for the development of specific approaches in rehabilitation.
Purpose: To investigate normal behaviour of PFM displacement and to compare PFM displacement between continent and incontinent women during jumps. Of main interest is the displacement during the pre-activity and reflex activity phase of PFM.
Methods: A cross-sectional, exploratory design was applied to investigate PFM displacement during jumps in continent and incontinent women. Written consent was received from all participants. Twenty-eight continent (CON) and twenty-two incontinent (SUI) women between 18 and 60 years could be recruited by flyer. PFM displacement was assessed in three dimensions with an electromagnetic tracking system.
Results: Twenty-six continent (CON: 39.3 ± 10.5 years, BMI: 21.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2) and twenty-one stress incontinent (SUI: 45.8 ± 9.9 years, BMI: 21.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2) women were included. Groups differed significantly for ICIQ-UIsf (CON: 1 ± 1; SUI: 7 ± 2) and age, but not for Oxford grade and BMI. Cranial-caudal translation and body weight force (BWF) from 30 ms before to 150 ms after ground contact during first landing is shown in figure 1. Maximal caudal translation (CON: 10.3 ± 7.2 mm, SUI: 13.4 ± 11.8 mm) and maximal cranial translation (CON: 5.0 ± 5.5 mm, SUI: 4.9 ± 5.1 mm) were raised during the first landing of DJ. Maximal caudal translation (second landing DJ: CON: 5.4 ± 8.8 mm, SUI: 5.2 ± 6.1 mm; landing CMJ: CON: 8.3 ± 12.8 mm, SUI: 5.4 ± 5.7 mm) and maximal cranial translation (second landing DJ: CON: 12.2 ± 10.9 mm, SUI: 8.4 ± 7.6 mm; landing CMJ: CON: 9.1 ± 7.3 mm, SUI 11.6 ± 11.3 mm) during the second landing of DJ and landing of CMJ showed more cranial than caudal translation compared to the first landing of DJ, p 0.05 (Table 1). Contrary to the translational displacement no differences between jumps and groups could be found for the rotational aspects, showing forward rotation before and backward rotation after landing (before landing: 0.1 to 0.6°; after landing: 1.4 to 10.9°) this for all jumps and groups. The investigation concerning PFM displacement during vertical jumps for CON and SUI showed no significant difference between the groups.
Conclusion(s): PFM displacement has been explored during running and demonstrated caudal translation/forward rotation before and cranial translation/backward rotation after heel-strike. In this study this mechanism could be seen during the second landing of DJ and the landing of CMJ. During the first landing of DJ a caudal translation/backward rotation has been observed, this may be due to the higher BWF in the first landing of DJ.
Implications: This study describes kinematic properties during vertical jumps. The interest was to identify involuntary reflectory muscle action forms (isometric, concentric, eccentric-concentric). Jumping stimuli inducing involuntary PFM displacement should be used for future investigations to consider a beneficial effect concerning continence.
Keywords: Biomechanical phenomena, reflexive, impact activity
Funding acknowledgements: Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
Purpose: To investigate normal behaviour of PFM displacement and to compare PFM displacement between continent and incontinent women during jumps. Of main interest is the displacement during the pre-activity and reflex activity phase of PFM.
Methods: A cross-sectional, exploratory design was applied to investigate PFM displacement during jumps in continent and incontinent women. Written consent was received from all participants. Twenty-eight continent (CON) and twenty-two incontinent (SUI) women between 18 and 60 years could be recruited by flyer. PFM displacement was assessed in three dimensions with an electromagnetic tracking system.
Results: Twenty-six continent (CON: 39.3 ± 10.5 years, BMI: 21.5 ± 1.7 kg/m2) and twenty-one stress incontinent (SUI: 45.8 ± 9.9 years, BMI: 21.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2) women were included. Groups differed significantly for ICIQ-UIsf (CON: 1 ± 1; SUI: 7 ± 2) and age, but not for Oxford grade and BMI. Cranial-caudal translation and body weight force (BWF) from 30 ms before to 150 ms after ground contact during first landing is shown in figure 1. Maximal caudal translation (CON: 10.3 ± 7.2 mm, SUI: 13.4 ± 11.8 mm) and maximal cranial translation (CON: 5.0 ± 5.5 mm, SUI: 4.9 ± 5.1 mm) were raised during the first landing of DJ. Maximal caudal translation (second landing DJ: CON: 5.4 ± 8.8 mm, SUI: 5.2 ± 6.1 mm; landing CMJ: CON: 8.3 ± 12.8 mm, SUI: 5.4 ± 5.7 mm) and maximal cranial translation (second landing DJ: CON: 12.2 ± 10.9 mm, SUI: 8.4 ± 7.6 mm; landing CMJ: CON: 9.1 ± 7.3 mm, SUI 11.6 ± 11.3 mm) during the second landing of DJ and landing of CMJ showed more cranial than caudal translation compared to the first landing of DJ, p 0.05 (Table 1). Contrary to the translational displacement no differences between jumps and groups could be found for the rotational aspects, showing forward rotation before and backward rotation after landing (before landing: 0.1 to 0.6°; after landing: 1.4 to 10.9°) this for all jumps and groups. The investigation concerning PFM displacement during vertical jumps for CON and SUI showed no significant difference between the groups.
Conclusion(s): PFM displacement has been explored during running and demonstrated caudal translation/forward rotation before and cranial translation/backward rotation after heel-strike. In this study this mechanism could be seen during the second landing of DJ and the landing of CMJ. During the first landing of DJ a caudal translation/backward rotation has been observed, this may be due to the higher BWF in the first landing of DJ.
Implications: This study describes kinematic properties during vertical jumps. The interest was to identify involuntary reflectory muscle action forms (isometric, concentric, eccentric-concentric). Jumping stimuli inducing involuntary PFM displacement should be used for future investigations to consider a beneficial effect concerning continence.
Keywords: Biomechanical phenomena, reflexive, impact activity
Funding acknowledgements: Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
Topic: Women's & men's pelvic health; Human movement analysis; Sport & sports injuries
Ethics approval required: Yes
Institution: Ethics committee of the Canton of Bern, Switzerland
Ethics committee: Ethics committee of the Canton of Bern, Switzerland
Ethics number: No 391/14
All authors, affiliations and abstracts have been published as submitted.
